Distributed detection of hydrogen and deuterium diffusion into a single-mode optical fiber with chirped-pulse phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry.

For some infrastructures such as oil and gas extraction boreholes or radioactive waste repositories, where distributed optical fiber sensors are employed to grant the safety of the facilities, the presence of gas species such as hydrogen or deuterium is one of the most relevant parameters to monitor. The possibility of employing the same kind of sensors for this purpose is of special interest, reducing the cost by employing a single interrogator, able to measure multiple parameters by simply employing adequate sensing fibers. To meet this goal, we present here a chemical sensor based on chirped-pulse phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (CP-φOTDR), which is able to detect these species while they diffuse into the silica fiber. The ability of chirped-pulse φOTDR to measure a change in refractive index with sensitivity around 10-8 has allowed determining hydrogen concentration with accuracy on the order of 10-3 mol/m3 and spatial resolution ∼6 m. Another experiment provides an indirect measurement of the solubility of deuterium in a standard telecom-grade optical fiber, which is found to be around 1.47×1024 m3/bar.

Real time dynamic strain monitoring of optical links using the backreflection of live PSK data.

A major cause of faults in optical communication links is related to unintentional third party intrusions (normally related to civil/agricultural works) causing fiber breaks or cable damage. These intrusions could be anticipated and avoided by monitoring the dynamic strain recorded along the cable. In this work, a novel technique is proposed to implement real-time distributed strain sensing in parallel with an operating optical communication channel. The technique relies on monitoring the Rayleigh backscattered light from optical communication data transmitted using standard modulation formats. The system is treated as a phase-sensitive OTDR (ΦOTDR) using random and non-periodical non-return-to-zero (NRZ) phase-shift keying (PSK) pulse coding. An I/Q detection unit allows for a full (amplitude, phase and polarization) characterization of the backscattered optical signal, thus achieving a fully linear system in terms of ΦOTDR trace coding/decoding. The technique can be used with different modulation formats, and operation using 4 Gbaud single-polarization dual PSK and 4 Gbaud dual-polarization quadrature PSK is demonstrated. As a proof of concept, distributed sensing of dynamic strain with a sampling of 125 kHz and a spatial resolution of 2.5 cm (set by the bit size) over 500 m is demonstrated for applied sinusoidal strain signals of 500 Hz. The limitations and possibilities for improvement of the technique are also discussed.

Single-shot distributed temperature and strain tracking using direct detection phase-sensitive OTDR with chirped pulses.

So far, the optical pulses used in phase-sensitive OTDR (ΦOTDR) were typically engineered so as to have a constant phase along the pulse. In this work, it is demonstrated that by acting on the phase profile of the optical pulses, it is possible to introduce important conceptual and practical changes to the traditional ΦOTDR operation, thus opening a door for new possibilities which are yet to be explored. Using a ΦOTDR with linearly chirped pulses and direct detection, the distributed measurement of temperature/strain changes from trace to trace, with 1mK/4nε resolution, is theoreticaly and experimentaly demonstrated. The measurand resolution and sensitivity can be tuned by acting on the pulse chirp profile. The technique does not require a frequency sweep, thus greatly decreasing the measurement time and complexity of the system, while maintaining the potential for metric spatial resolutions over tens of kilometers as in conventional ΦOTDR. The technique allows for measurements at kHz rates, while maintaining reliability over several hours.

Exploiting nonreciprocity in BOTDA systems.

In this Letter, we present and demonstrate a novel technique for distributed measurements in Brillouin optical time-domain analysis based on the use of the nonlinear phase-shift induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering. Employing a Sagnac interferometer (SI), the position-resolved Brillouin phase-shift spectrum (BPS) along the fiber can be obtained, benefiting from the sensitivity to nonreciprocal phase-shifts of the SI scheme. This proposal simplifies the existing methods to retrieve the BPS distribution along an optical fiber since phase modulation, filtering, and high-bandwidth detectors are not required. The fundamentals of the technique are described theoretically and validated through numerical simulations and experimental measurements.

Raman-assisted Brillouin optical time-domain analysis with sub-meter resolution over 100 km.

Sub-meter resolution in long-distance Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) cannot be trivially achieved due to several issues including: resolution-uncertainty trade-offs, self-phase modulation, fiber attenuation, depletion, etc. In this paper we show that combining Raman assistance, differential pulse-width pair (DPP) measurements and a novel numerical de-noising procedure, we could obtain sub-meter resolution Brillouin optical time-domain analysis over a range of 100 km. We successfully demonstrate the detection of a 0.5 meter hot-spot in the position of worst contrast along the fiber.

Experimental investigation of the effect of pump incoherence on nonlinear pump spectral broadening and continuous-wave supercontinuum generation.

The development of high-power cw fiber lasers has triggered a great interest in the phenomena of nonlinear pump spectral broadening and cw supercontinuum generation. These effects have very convenient applications in Raman amplification, optical fiber metrology, and fiber sensing. In particular, it was recently shown that pump incoherence has a strong impact in these processes. We study experimentally the effect of pump incoherence in nonlinear pump spectral broadening and cw supercontinuum generation in optical fibers. We show that under certain experimental conditions an optimum degree of pump incoherence yields the best performance in the broadening process. We qualitatively explain these results, and we point out that these results may have important implications in cw supercontinuum optimization.